[2026-04-16 18:03 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: South Korea

Title: Defense chief visits naval command center to inspect military readiness

Snippet: SEOUL, April 16 (Yonhap) -- Defense Minister Ahn Gyu-back on Thursday visited the command and control center of the Navy to inspect military readiness posture, according to the defense ministry.

Read full article: https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20260416009800315

[2026-04-16 18:02 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: CNBC

Title: EasyJet's stock drops as the Middle East conflict, fuel costs weigh on bookings outlook

Snippet: EasyJet's stock fell on Thursday after it warned that the Iran war and higher fuel prices are weighing on customer bookings.

Read full article: https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/16/easyjet-shares-fuel-costs-middle-east-bookings.html

[2026-04-16 18:01 UTC+10:00] [Economics] [Factuality: 100]

Source: Guardian Australia

Title: UK could face gaps on supermarket shelves by summer if Iran war continues

Snippet: Ministers drawing up contingency plans for ‘reasonable worst-case scenario’ if supply of CO2 is disrupted

Read full article: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2026/apr/16/uk-possible-food-shortages-iran-war-co2

[2026-04-16 18:00 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: AP News

Title: Pakistan navy test-fires anti-ship missile, says it hit target at extended range

Snippet: ISLAMABAD (AP) — Pakistan’s military said Thursday the navy successfully test-fired a new locally developed ship-launched anti-ship missile.

Read full article: https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-navy-conducts-missile-test-d194c2dfd3e4b4870d59544d1f7a43bc

[2026-04-16 17:53 UTC+10:00] [National News] [Factuality: 90]

Source: Rappler

Title: ICC wants to offer assistance to PH victims soon, but funding not yet secured

Snippet: Already have Rappler+? Sign in to listen to groundbreaking journalism.

Read full article: https://www.rappler.com/philippines/icc-trust-fund-drug-war-victims/

[2026-04-16 17:51 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: CNBC

Title: Don't call time on dollar dominance just yet, say analysts as 'petroyuan' call sparks debate

Snippet: The U.S. Dollar suffered in 2025 as traders embraced "Sell America." But the war in Iran boosted the global reserve currency —albeit temporarily — and has analysts debating: has the greenback turned a corner?

Read full article: https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/16/us-dollar-dominance-reserve-currency-iran-war-oil-china.html

[2026-04-16 17:41 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: ABC News

Title: Rules-based order not 'extinct', defence minister says

Snippet: Topic:Defence and National Security

Read full article: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-04-16/richard-marles-defence-spending-us-alliance-rules-based-order/106571434

[2026-04-16 17:36 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: New York Post

Title: Navy reservist accused of murdering wife and hiding her body in freezer arrested after international manhunt

Snippet: A Navy reservist accused of murdering his wife in Virginia and fleeing the country has been arrested and is expected to be extradited to the United States.

Read full article: https://nypost.com/2026/04/16/us-news/navy-reservist-david-varela-arrested-after-wife-lina-maria-guerra-found-in-freezer-at-virginia-home/

[2026-04-16 17:36 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: AP News

Title: Pope heads to epicenter of Cameroon's separatist conflict to preach message of peace

Snippet: Pope Leo XIV waves to supporters as he leaves after his visit to the Ngul Zamba (Power of God) orphanage in Yaounde, Cameroon, Wednesday April 15, 2026 on the third day of his apostolic journey to Africa. (Alberto Pizzoli, Pool Photo via AP)

Read full article: https://apnews.com/article/pope-africa-cameroon-bamenda-separatist-a799498738b6808194160f086f3318c6

[2026-04-16 17:25 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: New York Post

Title: Pakistani army chief visits Tehran in bid to broker renewed talks between US and Iran

Snippet: Pakistan’s army chief is set to meet with Iranian officials in Tehran on Thursday in a bid to ease tensions in the Middle East and arrange a second round of negotiations between the United States and Iran after almost seven weeks of war.

Read full article: https://nypost.com/2026/04/16/world-news/pakistani-army-chief-visits-tehran-in-bid-to-broker-renewed-talks-between-us-and-iran/

[2026-04-16 17:23 UTC+10:00] [All News] [Factuality: 100]

Source: The Korea Herald

Title: Seoul shares rise for 3rd day on eased Mideast tensions; won gains

Snippet: South Korean stocks rose for the third consecutive session Thursday, closing above the 6,200-point mark for the first time since the outbreak of the US-Iran war amid hopes for a second round of their peace talks. The local currency gained against the US dollar.

Read full article: https://www.koreaherald.com/article/10718999

[2026-04-16 17:23 UTC+10:00] [All News] [Factuality: 100]

Source: The Korea Herald

Title: Sri Lankan who saved crash pilots granted legal status in Korea

Snippet: A Sri Lankan worker who helped rescue fighter jet pilots after a crash has avoided deportation and secured legal residency with the help of the South Korean Air Force, local media reported Thursday.

Read full article: https://www.koreaherald.com/article/10718998

[2026-04-16 17:23 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: South Korea

Title: Senior diplomat to attend high-level diplomacy conference in Turkey amid Mideast conflict

Snippet: SEOUL, April 16 (Yonhap) -- A senior South Korean diplomat will travel to Turkey later this week to attend a high-level diplomacy conference, where he is expected to hold sideline talks with top officials from the Middle East and elsewhere on the ongoing crisis.

Read full article: https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20260416009200315

[2026-04-16 17:22 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: AP News

Title: Russia's drone and missile attack on Ukraine kills 16, injures 80

Snippet: A woman with a dog walks among the rubble of a house damaged after a Russian strike on residential area in Kyiv, Ukraine, on Thursday, April 16, 2026. (AP Photo/Evgeniy Maloletka)

Read full article: https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-war-drone-missile-attack-kyiv-10627c3e68677cad65fadd5f2a9f8388

[2026-04-16 17:20 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: South China Morning Post

Title: This video of ‘Iran capturing US pilot’ was filmed in Pakistan

Snippet: The conflict in the Middle East has led to videos being shared out of context by social media users

Read full article: https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3350286/video-iran-capturing-us-pilot-was-filmed-pakistan?utm_source=rss_feed

[2026-04-16 17:20 UTC+10:00] [Instagram] [Factuality: 100]

Source: South China Morning Post

Title: This video of ‘Iran capturing US pilot’ was filmed in Pakistan

Snippet: The conflict in the Middle East has led to videos being shared out of context by social media users

Read full article: https://www.scmp.com/news/world/middle-east/article/3350286/video-iran-capturing-us-pilot-was-filmed-pakistan

[2026-04-16 17:17 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: AfricaNews

Title: Pope Leo XIV visits Cameroon as Biya faces unrest and separatist war

Snippet: Opening his visit to Cameroon on Wednesday, Pope Leo XIV delivered a pointed message on the integrity of leadership, urging authorities to confront endemic corruption. Speaking at the presidential palace in Yaoundé, he told President Paul Biya, 93, that public authority must restore its credibility by breaking “the chains of corruption”.

Read full article: http://www.africanews.com/2026/04/16/pope-leo-xiv-visits-cameroon-as-biya-faces-unrest-and-separatist-war/

[2026-04-16 17:16 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: ABC News

Title: Bombs, rain and destruction: Life in Gaza six months into a ceasefire

Snippet: Topic:Unrest, Conflict and War

Read full article: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-04-16/palestinians-fear-gaza-is-being-forgotten-as-iran-war-drags-on/106565594

[2026-04-16 17:08 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: South China Morning Post

Title: Japan remains most trusted power in Southeast Asia despite military build-up: survey

Snippet: A survey by ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute shows respondents trusted Japan more as a power than the EU, the US, China and India

Read full article: https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3350284/japan-remains-most-trusted-power-southeast-asia-despite-military-build-survey?utm_source=rss_feed

[2026-04-16 17:08 UTC+10:00] [South China Sea] [Factuality: 100]

Source: South China Morning Post

Title: Japan remains most trusted power in Southeast Asia despite military build-up: survey

Snippet: A survey by ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute shows respondents trusted Japan more as a power than the EU, the US, China and India

Read full article: https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3350284/japan-remains-most-trusted-power-southeast-asia-despite-military-build-survey

[2026-04-16 17:02 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: The Jerusalem Post

Title: Authorities seize over NIS 5m., weapons, ammunition in Rahat, order closure of Tel Aviv brothel

Snippet: Israel Police officers seized over 5 million shekels in cash, as well as weapons and ammunition across several neighborhoods in the Bedouin city of Rahat, near Beersheba in southern Israel, the police confirmed on Thursday.

Read full article: https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/crime-in-israel/article-893185

[2026-04-16 17:01 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: CNBC

Title: Iran war drags India’s goods exports 7% lower in March — more pain ahead

Snippet: The Iran war has taken a toll on India's merchandise exports, dragging them down by more than 7% in March, and dashing hopes of a recovery in a year already marred by U.S. tariffs. Experts warn that conditions could worsen before improving.

Read full article: https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/16/india-goods-exports-march-drop-more-pain-ahead.html

[2026-04-16 16:56 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: Al Jazeera

Title: Why many Kashmiris are donating gold, breaking piggy banks for Iran

Snippet: Srinagar, Indian-administered Kashmir — The gold earrings were a gift from her father on her birthday just months earlier. But on March 21, as South Asia marked Eid‑ul‑Fitr, Masrat Mukhtar handed them over to an aid collection effort to help civilians in Iran trying to survive the US-Israel war on the country.

Read full article: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/16/why-many-kashmiris-are-donating-gold-breaking-piggy-banks-for-iran

[2026-04-16 16:51 UTC+10:00] [Politics / Federal] [Factuality: 100]

Source: The Age

Title: This is a big step forward on defence for Australia. Too bad we’re playing catch-up

Snippet: April 16, 2026 — 4:51pm

Read full article: https://www.theage.com.au/politics/federal/this-is-a-big-step-forward-on-defence-for-australia-too-bad-we-re-playing-catch-up-20260416-p5zoe9.html?ref=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_source=rss_feed

[2026-04-16 16:51 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: AfricaNews

Title: Australia: Refinery fire raises fuel supply concerns amid Iran war

Snippet: A fire broke out late on Wednesday at the Viva Energy refinery in Geelong, prompting concerns about fuel supply in a tense global energy climate. Located about 75 kilometres south-west of Melbourne, the site supplies roughly 10% of Australia’s gasoline, diesel and jet fuel to the eastern states. Processing about 120,000 barrels of crude oil daily, mainly from Bass Strait and imports, the refinery supplies fuel to Victoria, Tasmania and parts of New South Wales.

Read full article: http://www.africanews.com/2026/04/16/australia-refinery-fire-raises-fuel-supply-concerns-amid-iran-war/

[2026-04-16 16:48 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: AP News

Title: Refugee advocate Lionel Rosenblatt dies at 82

Snippet: South Vietnamese refugees, foreground, who arrived on Friday, March 28, 1975 at the port city of Da Nang, South Vietnam, watch hopefully, as a boat loaded with refugees approaches the dock. The helter Skelter flight from advancing North Vietnamese resulted in the separation of navy families. Refugees already in the city Jam docks looking for their relatives to arrive.

Read full article: https://apnews.com/article/lionel-rosenblatt-obituary-vietnam-war-refugees-hmong-cambodia-5f6056bf5b75173897fc2fca7567d156

[2026-04-16 16:47 UTC+10:00] [All News] [Factuality: 90]

Source: The Korea Herald

Title: Iran will participate in World Cup for sure: FIFA

Snippet: FIFA President Gianni Infantino said Wednesday that Iran will participate in the World Cup "for sure" despite its war with the United States.

Read full article: https://www.koreaherald.com/article/10718949

[2026-04-16 16:47 UTC+10:00] [Comment & Analysis] [Factuality: 90]

Source: Michael West Media

Title: Prioritising war mongering ally over Australian citizen. Dan Duggan to be extradited

Snippet: Don't pay so you can read it. Pay so everyone can!

Read full article: https://michaelwest.com.au/prioritising-war-mongering-ally-over-australian-citizen-dan-duggan-to-be-extradited/

[2026-04-16 16:47 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: The Jerusalem Post

Title: Israel sees return to normalcy amid ceasefire, but tensions with Iran, Hezbollah remain

Snippet: Israel has begun returning to normal after weeks of conflict, with schools reopening and air raid sirens becoming less frequent. Despite missiles still firing on the last day of Passover, a shaky ceasefire has offered respite.

Read full article: https://www.jpost.com/podcast/jpost-podcast/article-893102

[2026-04-16 16:45 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: Zero Hedge

Title: Germany Accelerates Kamikaze Drone Stockpiling With Rheinmetall Deal

Snippet: Germany's parliament has approved a sizeable contract for defense giant Rheinmetall to supply loitering munitions, or kamikaze drones, to the Bundeswehr, underscoring just how quickly European militaries are internalizing drone warfare lessons from both the Russia-Ukraine war and, more recently, the U.S.-Iran conflict. Berlin's latest procurement push makes it clear that one-way attack drones are becoming a serious threat, and the race to stockpile them has begun.

Read full article: https://www.zerohedge.com/military/germany-accelerates-kamikaze-drone-stockpiling-rheinmetall-deal

[2026-04-16 16:37 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: AfricaNews

Title: Ukraine: Deadly Russian strikes on Kyiv, Odesa and Dnipro leave 12 dead

Snippet: Ukraine reports that Russian strikes hit Kyiv, Odesa, and Dnipro overnight into Thursday, killing at least 12 people and injuring dozens more. In the capital, four people were killed, including a 12-year-old boy, Mayor Vitali Klitschko said. In Odesa, six people died, while officials in Dnipro reported one fatality and 10 injuries, as emergency services worked overnight to put out fires and clear debris.

Read full article: http://www.africanews.com/2026/04/16/ukraine-deadly-russian-strikes-on-kyiv-odesa-and-dnipro-leave-12-dead/

[2026-04-16 16:34 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 90]

Source: Al Jazeera

Title: US military kills three in new Eastern Pacific boat strike

Snippet: The United States military says it has attacked a new vessel in the Eastern Pacific, killing three people it accuses of “narco-trafficking”.

Read full article: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/16/us-military-kills-three-in-new-eastern-pacific-boat-strike

[2026-04-16 16:33 UTC+10:00] [All News] [Factuality: 100]

Source: The Korea Herald

Title: North Korean leader's absence from Kumsusan Palace points to cementing of 'Kim Jong-un era'

Snippet: Since 2017, I have covered South Korea’s political and economic landscape as a reporter, with a focus on foreign affairs, inter-Korean relations and security.As a foreign affairs reporter, I closely follow developments from the Ministry of Unification, the Foreign Ministry and the Defense Ministry, tracking shifts in diplomacy, military policy and North Korea’s evolving posture.

Read full article: https://www.koreaherald.com/article/10718943

[2026-04-16 16:33 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 92]

Source: South Korea

Title: Seoul shares rise for 3rd day on eased Mideast tensions; won gains

Snippet: SEOUL, April 16 (Yonhap) -- South Korean stocks rose for the third consecutive session Thursday, closing above the 6,200-point mark for the first time since the outbreak of the U.S.-Iran war amid hopes for a second round of their peace talks. The local currency gained against the U.S. dollar.

Read full article: https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20260416007500320

[2026-04-16 16:29 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: AP News

Title: Australia boosts military spending

Snippet: Australian Defence Minister Richard Marles prepares to address the National Press Club in Canberra, Thursday, April 16, 2026. (Lukas Coch/AAP Image via AP)

Read full article: https://apnews.com/article/australia-marles-defense-spending-iran-war-a708e6d4f03bb3619349b7f312403336

[2026-04-16 16:28 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: The Manila Times

Title: WATCH: Marcos rolls out rice aid program in Manila

Snippet: President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. on April 16, 2026 leads the rollout of the rice aid initiative in Manila as part the government's efforts to provide immediate relief to families affected by the ongoing economic pressures driven by the war in the Middle East. The President was joined by Manila Mayor Isko Moreno during the rice distribution program at SM Manila.

Read full article: https://www.manilatimes.net/2026/04/16/videos/watch-marcos-rolls-out-rice-aid-program-in-manila/2321640

[2026-04-16 16:24 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: CNBC

Title: Iran war sparks "fundamental energy transition" in Seoul toward renewables: Energy minister

Snippet: The Iran war is "serving as a significant turning point" for South Korea to shift to renewable energy and away from oil, the country's energy minister said.

Read full article: https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/16/iran-war-energy-transition-south-korea-toward-renewable-energy-energy-minister.html

[2026-04-16 16:06 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: CNBC

Title: UK economy grew 0.5% in February, beating economists' expectations by a long shot

Snippet: The U.K. economy grew by 0.5% in February, according to preliminary figures from the Office for National Statistics published Thursday.

Read full article: https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/16/uk-gdp-march-2026-iran-war.html

[2026-04-16 16:02 UTC+10:00] [World] [Factuality: 100]

Source: Asia Times

Title: Russia’s war on Telegram may ignite the very fire it fears

Snippet: Keep independent journalism alive

Read full article: https://asiatimes.com/2026/04/russias-war-on-telegram-may-ignite-the-very-fire-it-fears/

[2026-04-16 15:49 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: AP News

Title: Photos show damage after Russian strike in Kyiv, Ukraine

Snippet: A woman with a dog walks among the rubble of a house damaged after a Russian strike on residential area in Kyiv, Ukraine, on Thursday, April 16, 2026. (AP Photo/Evgeniy Maloletka)

Read full article: https://apnews.com/photo-gallery/ukraine-russia-war-kyiv-photos-5d419978125252ec945b0c13a60c5340

[2026-04-16 15:48 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 90]

Source: New York Post

Title: Australian judge rejects US Marine pilot’s appeal against extradition to US

Snippet: An Australian judge on Thursday rejected an appeal by former US Marine Corps pilot Daniel Duggan to avoid extradition to the United States over allegations that he illegally trained Chinese military aviators more than a decade ago.

Read full article: https://nypost.com/2026/04/16/us-news/australian-judge-rejects-former-us-marine-corps-pilot-daniel-duggans-appeal-against-extradition-to-us/

[2026-04-16 15:36 UTC+10:00] [US-Israel war on Iran] [Factuality: 90]

Source: Guardian Australia

Title: Middle East crisis live: Trump says Israel and Lebanon to hold talks Thursday; US hits Iran’s oil sector with new sanctions

Snippet: New meeting to come after rare direct talks between the countries mediated by US; Netanyahu earlier says Israel about to ‘overwhelm’ part of southern Lebanon

Read full article: https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2026/apr/16/middle-east-crisis-live-iran-war-news-us-trump-ceasefire-deal-lebanon-israel-oil-sanctions-latest-updates

[2026-04-16 15:35 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: The Manila Times

Title: PH embassy in Canada explores fertilizer sourcing partnership with Saskatchewan

Snippet: MANILA, Philippines -- The Philippines, through its embassy in Canada, has expressed interest to source fertilizers, especially potash, from Saskatchewan amid rising fertilizer costs triggered by the Middle East war.

Read full article: https://www.manilatimes.net/2026/04/16/news/ph-embassy-in-canada-explores-fertilizer-sourcing-partnership-with-saskatchewan/2321634

[2026-04-16 15:32 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: CNBC

Title: Trump says Israel and Lebanon leaders to hold talks after first high-level meeting in decades

Snippet: U.S. President Donald Trump on Wednesday announced that talks between Israel and Lebanon will begin Thursday, offering few details on the planned negotiations.

Read full article: https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/16/trump-israel-lebanon-talks-hezbollah-ceasefire-conflict.html

[2026-04-16 15:24 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: ABC News

Title: Australian dollar surges to four-year high as traders look beyond Iran war

Snippet: The value of the Australian dollar will depend on geopolitical developments. (AAP: Joel Carrett)

Read full article: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-04-16/australian-dollar-surges-to-four-year-high/106571996

[2026-04-16 15:22 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: CNBC

Title: European stocks set for another mixed open as Iran peace efforts remain unclear

Snippet: LONDON — European stocks are expected to open in mixed territory as investors assess a confused picture of where the Iran war and peace talks are headed.

Read full article: https://www.cnbc.com/2026/04/16/european-markets-stoxx-600-ftse-dax-cac-oil-prices-iran-latest.html

[2026-04-16 15:18 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: South China Morning Post

Title: China’s Wang Yi calls on Iran to ensure freedom and safe passage through Strait of Hormuz

Snippet: In phone call with Iran’s top envoy, China’s foreign minister says situation is at ‘critical stage of transition between conflict and peace’

Read full article: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3350259/chinas-wang-yi-calls-iran-ensure-freedom-and-safe-passage-through-strait-hormuz?utm_source=rss_feed

[2026-04-16 15:18 UTC+10:00] [Tehran] [Factuality: 100]

Source: South China Morning Post

Title: China’s Wang Yi calls on Iran to ensure freedom and safe passage through Strait of Hormuz

Snippet: In phone call with Iran’s top envoy, China’s foreign minister says situation is at ‘critical stage of transition between conflict and peace’

Read full article: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3350259/chinas-wang-yi-calls-iran-ensure-freedom-and-safe-passage-through-strait-hormuz

[2026-04-16 15:15 UTC+10:00] [All News] [Factuality: 100]

Source: The Korea Herald

Title: South Korean military eyes AI-powered platform to integrate satellite, geospatial data

Snippet: I’m a staff reporter for The Korea Herald, covering national security and foreign policy across the Defense, Foreign and Unification Ministries, as well as the National Assembly. Before entering journalism, I served as an Air Force lieutenant, working as an interpreter and junior planner at the ROK–US Combined Forces Command.

Read full article: https://www.koreaherald.com/article/10718852

[2026-04-16 15:09 UTC+10:00] [General] [Factuality: 100]

Source: AP News

Title: How a volunteer unit became Ukraine's 40,000-strong corps

Snippet: When a Ukrainian agricultural tycoon founded a volunteer unit of 30 people in the early days of Russia’s invasion, he had no certainty he would live to see what came next — but he did, and so did the force he created. (AP Video: Vasilisa Stepanenko, Nikoletta Stoyanova)

Read full article: https://apnews.com/article/war-russia-ukraine-army-technology-business-military-a135fe06f5a4ffd9ea0fb49a6c41e0e4